Showing posts with label Report Text. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Report Text. Show all posts

THeory of Consumption and Economy

Learn what consumption is and how you participate every day in this activity. Find out why it is important and what variables drive the theories behind consumption. Discover some common ways to increase consumption.

The Importance of Consumption

Every time you purchase food at the drive-thru or pull out your debit or credit card to buy something, you are adding to consumption. Consumption is one of the bigger concepts in economics and is extremely important because it helps determine the growth and success of the economy. Businesses can open up and offer all kinds of great products, but if we don't purchase or consume their products, they won't stay in business very long! If they don't stay in business, many of us won't have jobs or the income to buy goods and services.
Consumption can be defined in different ways, but is best described as the final purchase of goods and services by individuals. The purchase of a new pair of shoes, a hamburger at the fast food restaurant or services, like getting your house cleaned, are all examples of consumption. It is also often referred to as consumer spending. Many topics in economics explore how the income of families and individuals affects consumption and spending habits.

Theories on Consumption

There are many different theories on income and consumption behavior, and we will focus on some of the more mainstream concepts in consumption theory.

Keynesian Theory and Real Income

One of the most popular and well-known theories is the Keynesian theory, offered by economist John Maynard Keynes. This theory states that current real income is the most important determinant of consumption in the short run. Simply said, you spend according to how much income you have coming in. This is the basis for most consumption theory.
The term 'real' that is used in describing income refers to how your income is affected by inflation, or the natural rise in prices of goods and services. So to elaborate, if your income went up five percent in a year, but the price of goods or inflation went up five percent also, your real income remained flat. You can't really buy or consume any more goods than you could before.

States Affecting Consumption

So, what else do economists believe affects consumption and your decision to purchase products and services, besides your real income?

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Economic Theory

 Economic theory is a broad concept for the explanation and understanding of the movement of goods in a market. Theoretical economic concepts typically have scientific backing or studies to prove or disprove a stated hypothesis. National governments also have an interest in theories of economics. Politicians rely on studies of government spending, tax collections, money supply, and consumer spending data to make laws or set policy. Different economic theories exist that focus on different aspects of government policy regarding economics.

Many economies have their own views about that, for example TW. Swan and Robert Solow. they talks more about the growth on economy.



             Two economists, T.W. Swan and Robert Solow, made important contributions to economic growth theory in developing what is now known as the Solow-Swan growth model. The theory focuses on three factors that impact economic growth: labor, capital, and technology, or more specifically, technological advances. The output per worker (growth per unit of labor) increase with the output per capital (growth per unit of capital) but at a decreasing rate. This is referred to as diminishing marginal returns. Therefore, there will become a point at which labor and capital can be set to reach an equilibrium state.
 

Sultan Agung


Question number 13 – 17 are based on this text

       Do you know Sultan Agung?He was one of our national heroes. He was born in Mataram Palace, Yogyakarta on 1591, he was named Pangeran Jatmiko or Raden Mas Rangsang. He was the third king of Mataram Kingdom. He was Panembahan Sedo Ing Krapyak’s son and the grandson of Panembahan Senopati, the founder of Mataram Kingdom. As a Mataram King, he aimed to conquer all areas in Java, but VOC also want Java for themselves. When Sultan Agung had the throne, he was the only king in Mataram that was given the name sultan. It was because people believed; he  would bring differences into their life. On 1641, he achieved a royal name Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo Senopati Ing Alogo Ngabdurrahman, which meant a great King, a divine prince, a commander and a God’s messanger.


1. Find the closest meaning of goal in the text above:
A. Conquer
B. Founder
C. Aim
D. Achieve


2. Sultan Agung’s grandfather is………………………..
       A. Panembahan Sedo Ing Krapyak
       B. Senopati Ing Alogo
       C. Panembahan Senopati
       D. Raden Senopati


3. Which sentence is correct according to the text?
A. Sultan Agung is the founder of Mataram Kingdom
B. There weren’t any Sultan in Mataram before him
C. His people didn’t like him
D. VOC liked to have cooperation with Sultan Agung


4. How old was Sultan Agung when he achieved the title?
       A. 45
       B. 55
       C. 50
       D. 40

Read and answer the questions!


Indonesia Flash Flood Destroys 728 Homes

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VIVAnews - Two districts in Papua of eastern Indonesia, Aradide and Ekadide, was hit by flash flood from Aga and Eka rivers as a result of heavy rainfalls.

"13 people are killed during the incident while six others have managed to survive. 728 homes are devastated," said Director of Abepura Hospital, Aloysius Giai, on Friday. Giai said the disaster had been taken place between 7 and 26 March. The survivors were found on the downstream Aga River.

Moreover, all tuber plantation in the area is dealing with crop failure, posing threat of famine over the locals. "Such livestock as pigs, chickens and goats," he said. 6,000 refugees now require immediate assistance. "Diseases are beginning to spread," he said.

1.       Which statement is NOT true according to the text?
A. About six thousands refugees need assistance.
B. The disaster had been taken twice.
C. There are four districts hit by flash flood.
D. Flash flood is caused by heavy rainfalls.

2.       ‘6,000 refugees now require immediate assistance (Par. 2)
The word ‘refugees’ refers to ...
A. the pigs                              C.  the goats
B. the chickens                        D. the victims

3.       “...728 homes are devastated,…." (Par. 2)
The underlined word means ...
A. washed away                   C. destroyed
B. have been taken               D. rebuilt            

4.       What is the main idea of paragraph one?
A. Aga and Eka rivers were hit by flash flood.
B. Diseases are beginning to spread.
C. Two districts in Papua were hit by flash flood.
       D. 13 people were killed during the accident.

Healthy Life


The most important in our live is healthy. There are many kinds of diseases that can make our body doesn’t feel well or weak. They are caused by bacteria, germs, or viruses. They can attack us. In order not to be sick, we must keep our environment clean, have a good food and exercises. We also need to immunize our body to avoid a certain diseases. There are some kinds of diseases such as typhus, typhoid, polio, malaria, etc. so be careful and keep our healthy.


1.       The text is a kind of ____.
A.      Report                                  C. Narrative
B.      Recount                               D. Descriptive

2.       The text is about ____.
A.      How to avoid diseases  
B.      How to live healthy
C.      How to have a good food
D.      How to get a lot of food

3.       How many ways to live healthy?
A.      One           B. Two              C. Three     D. four

4.        In order not to be sick, we must keep our environment clean, have a good food and exercises. (paragraph 2.). “Have a good food” means ____.
A.      Eating enough food
B.      Eating a lot of food
C.      Eating delicious food
D.      Eating nutritious food

The Story of Ciderella

Lesson 1 (Introduction)

Lesson 2 (Verbs)

أخاك أخاك إن مَنْ لا أخا له === كَساعٍ إلى الهيجا بغير سلاح * Literal meaning: Your brother your brother for that who has no brother; is like a person rushing to battle without a weapon. * Metaphoric meaning: be good to your brothers/friends/family because you need them for support as much as they need you