PARTS OF SPEECH

BRIEF EXPLANATION

No	Parts of Speech	Definition	Example
1.	Noun	A person, place, thing, or idea	Personà teacher, boy, girl, Tom, President, etc. Placeà Indonesia, School, field, bathroom, etc. Thingà pen, car, moon, book, etc. Ideaàliberty, bravery, happiness, fear, etc.
2.	Verb	A word that expresses either an action or a state of being	Action (doing something)àrun, kick, fall, swim, etc. State of beingàis, am, are, was, were, etc.
	Nouns and verbs are the building blocks (foundation) of sentences and the English language.
3.	Pronoun	A word that takes the place of a noun.	Definite pronoun àthey, we, I, you, she, he, it, this, those, etc. Indefinite pronoun àmany, few, all, everyone, nobody, etc.
4.	Adjective	A word of phrase that describes a noun or pronoun.	Slow, intelligent, weird, lazy, athletic, gigantic, etc. i.e. the slow turtle à he is weird.
5.	Adverb	word or phrase that modifies verb, an adjectives, or another adverb.	How à quickly, beautifully, lazily, etc. “She runs quickly.” When ànow, yesterday, then, etc. “I ran yesterday.” Where àthere, here, away, etc. “She ran there.”
6.	Preposition	Words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.	Spaceàin, on, below, above, under, outside, etc. Time àduring, while, after, at, etc.              ‘I did my homework after I ate.’ Logicà for, of, concerning, despite, so, etc.             ‘I bought groceries for my mother.’            ‘I was so tired so I went to sleep.’
7.	Conjunction	Words that join words or groups of words.	Coordinating à for, and, nor, but, or, yet, etc.                         ‘the boy and the girl are running.’ Correlative àeither/or, neither/nor, both/and.                     ‘Both you and Andi are invited to my party.’ Subordinating àbefore, after, during, until, whereas.                               ‘Before the game, the team practiced’
8.	Interjection	Words used to convey emotion through some kind of exclamation.	Oh!,Wow!, Great!, Oops!, etc. à’Oops! I spilled the milk’
	Additional
9.	Article	Signal that a noun is going to follow	A, an, the, etc. ‘The cat, an apple, etc.

DETAIL EXPLANATION

1.     NOUN (kata benda) : nama orang, nama tempat, atau nama suatu benda atau semua yang dibendakan. Biasanya dalam kalimat menduduki posisi SUBJECT atau OBJECT. Ciri-cirinya:

No	Ending word of Verb	Example
1.	-ment	Announcement, development, advertisement, shipment, measurement, engagement, management, etc.
2.	-ion/tion	Information, production, reduction, collection, nomination, association, correction, action, connection, etc.
3.	-ation/cation/ition	Application, composition, repetition, expectation, competition, admiration, Classification, observation, etc.
4.	-ence/ance	Difference, admittance, obedience, entrance, attendance, etc.
5.	-y/ty/ity	Delivery, injury, discovery, recovery, cruelty, beauty, opportunity, honesty, etc.
6.	-er/or/ar/ist/an	Writer, reader, hunter, composer, tailor, sailor, beggar, director, Scientist, typist, therapist, librarian, musician, etc.
7.	-ship	Friendship,  championship, partnership, etc.
8.	-t	Flyàflight, descendàdescent, deceiveàdeceit, complainàcomplaint, etc.
9.	-tàce/cy	Distantàdistance, patientàpatience, frequentàfrequency, agentàagency, bankruptàbankruptcy, etc.
10.	-al	Arrival, approval, proposal, etc.
11.	-ure/ture/ature	Furnishàfurniture, signàsignature, pleaseàpleasure, etc.
12.	-age	CarryàCarriage, packàpackage, etc.
13.	-ery/ary	Robàrobbery, bribeàbribery, braveàbravery, etc.
14.	-ing (gerund)	Meetàmeeting, beginàbeginning, buildàbuilding, trainàtraining, etc.
15.	-ness	Illness, kindness, rudeness, sickness, dullness, etc.
16.	-hood	Brotheràbrotherhood, etc.
17.	=verb (abstract N)	Love, help, brush, bribe, call, desire, drink, play, work, etc.

2.     PRONOUN àKata ganti benda/orang

Pronoun bermanfaat untuk menghindari repetisi penggunaan noun terkait posisinya dalam kalimat, seperti; I, you, she, this, those, none.

SUBJECT	Arti	OBJECT	POSSESSIVE (milik)		REFLEXIVE Mengacu pd diri sendiri
			ADJECTIVE/dependent	NOUN/independent
THEY	Mereka	Them	their ….	theirs	themselves
WE	Kami, kita	Us	our ….	ours	ourselves
I	Saya	Me	my ….	mine	myself
YOU	Kamu (=1)	You	your ….	yours	yourself
SHE	Dia Prp	Her	her ….	hers	herself
HE	Dia lk2	Him	his ….	his	himself
IT	Dia (bnd)	It	its….	its	itself
YOU	Kamu (>1) Kalian	You	your ….	yours’	yourselves

3.     VERBà words that refer to doing action (Regular à+ ‘ed & Irregularà changing word but not some) or Being (am, is, are).

Ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan tindakan dari subject, menunjukkan peristiwa, atau keadaan.

No	Verb I (present)	Verb II (past)	Verb III (Perfect)	Meaning
1.	Play	played	played	memainkan
2.	Disturb	disturbed	disturbed	mengganggu
3.	Study	studied	studied	belajar
4.	Listen	listened	listened	mendengarkan
5.	Work	worked	worked	bekerja

No	Verb I (present)	Verb II (past)	Verb III (Perfect)	Meaning
6.	Go	went	gone	pergi
7.	Eat	ate	eaten	makan
8.	Get	got	gotten	mendapat
9.	Write	wrote	written	menulis
10.	Buy	bought	bought	Membeli
11.	Take	took	taken	mengambil
12.	Cut	cut	cut	memotong
13.	sing	sang	sung	menyanyi
14.	Drink	drank	drunk	minum
15.	Bring	brought	brought	membawa

4.     ADJECTIVE: kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan kata benda (noun) atau kata ganti (pronoun).

No	Ending word	Example
1.	-al/ial	National, annual, identical, influential, historical, influential, crucial, denial, etc.
2.	-ic/ive	Historic, positive, descriptive, negative, etc.
3.	-ar/ary	Popular, elementary, etc.
4.	-ed/en/V3/ing	Talented, wooden, stolen, harden, flying object, dancing doll, etc.
5.	-ful	Beautiful, helpful, forgetful, bashful, etc.
6.	-ish	Childish, boyish, reddish, selfish, etc.
7.	-istic	Futuristic, etc.
8.	-less	Careless, useless, harmless, etc.
9.	-y/ly	Sandy, cloudy, cozy, friendly, daily, tenderly, etc.
10.	-ous	Famous, fibrous, marvelous, etc.

5.     ADVERB: modifies verb, adjective, or other adverb in a sentence.

No	Type of verb	Example
1.	Adverb of time	Already, finally, recently, now, today, yesterday, ago, last, since, tomorrow, later, etc. à They met by chance yesterday.
2.	Adverb of place	Here, there, near, above, behind, upstairs, away, somewhere, etc.
3.	Adverb of manner à how the action is done	Ending-ly à calmly, quickly, happily, beautifully, fluently, etc. à Students have to walk calmly in the campus. à The requirement to join the program is can speak English fluently.
4.	Adverb of frequency	Always, often, sometimes, usually, hardly ever, seldom, occasionally, once, never, etc.
5.	Adverb of degree	Strongly, very, too, enough, so, fairly, hardly, almost, etc. à He strongly recommended the book.
6.	Adverb of focus	Also, only, even, just, too/as well, etc. àShe is not-only beautiful, she is kind-hearted too.
7.	Adverb of modality	Fortunately, hopefully, like/unlikely, maybe, perhaps, probably, possibly, etc. à If you reject the job offer, you will likely regret it one day.

6.     CONJUNCTION connects two words, phrases, clauses, or paragraph.

No	Type of conjunction	Example
1.	Coordinative	FANBOYS àFor (karena)      He didn’t come last night, for he fell asleep. àAnd (dan)     The trainees laughed and cried simultaneously. à Nor (tidak juga, dan tidak) -biasa u kalimat negative)     She didn’t answer my call, nor did her friends when I called them last night. àBut (tetapi)     I like that car, but I don’t have enough money to buy it. àOr (atau)     What do you prefer to stay at home or go to the cinema on this weekend? àYet (meskipun demikian)     The book is thick, yet the text is large. àSo (jadi, oleh karena itu)    She has lived in London for more than 5 years, so she can speak English well.
2.	Correlative	As..as, between…and…, both…and…, either…or…, neither….nor…, from…to…, hardly…when/no sooner…than/scarcely…when, if…then, not…but, not only…but also…, rather…than, the more…the less, the more…the more…, whether…or….., so…..that ……, etc. àYou are so kind to me that I can’t hurt you. à He can drive not only a car but also a helicopter. àI’m confused whether to live in Jakarta or to live in Bandung. à The more we learn grammar, the less we face the difficulty in writing.
3.	Subordinate àrelated to time, place and contrast.	After, as, as soon as/once, before, since, until, when, whenever, while; where, whenever; although, though, whereas, while, even if, etc. àShe goes to campus although she gets headache now. à You will need to wait 3 full days before you receive the payment à As soon as/once they finish filling the questionnaire, I will process the data.
4.	Adverbial àaddition, contrast, time	Besides, furthermore, moreover; otherwise, however; accordingly, consequently, therefore, meanwhile, thus; finally, first, second, last, thus, etc. àYou failed on the test for three times. Therefore, you must study harder from now. àThe scientists found that the question is difficult; besides, they needed to work hard to solve it. àLamborghini cars are very sophisticated; accordingly, I want to have one. àThe rich sleeps on the warm and comfortable bed; meanwhile, the poor sleeps on the damp and cold sidewalk.

7.     PREPOSITION modifies verb, noun, or adjective.

No	Type of Preposition	Example
1.	Preposition of time	At, on, in, after, during, before, about, etc. à The English class starts at seven o’clock every Sunday evening. à You will receive the payment before the end of this month.
2.	Preposition of place or position	At, on, in, Among, inside, outside, under, etc. à Is sleeping on the floor good for my back?
3.	Preposition of movement/direction	Towards, ..up, out of…, through, into, etc. àHe threw the ball toward the roof of the hall.
4.	Preposition of device	By.., with.., etc. àHe goes to campus by motorcycle.

8.     INTERJECTION is simple words used to express emotion and ended with signal “!”.

No	Type	Meaning	Example
1.	Ah, well, great	Menunjukkan rasa senang	Ah, the weather is really nice.
2.	Ahh, ok	Menyatakan persetujuan	Ahh, now i understand what you mean.
3.	Aww	Mengunngkapkan sesuatu yang lucu atau imut	Aww, look at that little kitten.
4.	Bingo	Menyimpulkan sesuatu yang benar/tepat	Bingo! This is what I was looking for!
5.	Eh, yes	Bertanya	So that was all Molly said, eh?
6.	Eww	Sesuatu yang menjijikan	Eww! Your room is so dirty.
7.	Grrr	Menyatakan amarah	Grrr, I’ll destroy this place!
8.	Oh	Paham/mengerti	Oh, I see.
10.	Hey	Meminta perhatian	Hey, look at that bus!
11.	Oops	Melakukan kesalahan	Oops, I’m sorry.
12.	Mmm	Kenikmatan	Mmm, this cake is delicious
13.	Ouch	Kesakitan	Ouch, it hurts.
14.	Shh	Memerintahkan untuk diam	Shh, be quiet!
15.	Whew	Kelegaan	Whew, finally I finished my job.
16.	Wow	Terkejut atau kagum	Wow, that’s great!
17.	Yay/yaay	Selamat, atau senang.	Justin will come to my party, yaay!
18.	Yeah	Kata lain dari ‘ya’	Yeah, I’d love some coffee.
19.	Yikes	Ketakutan	Yikes, my father is home.
20.	Yippee	Perayaan, kebahagiaan	Yippee, I won!